The Nexus among Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Trade Openness: Evidence from West Africa

The West African region has experienced high economic development. With the increasing energy consumption and emissions, how to coordinate relationship among consumption, trade opening, growth, develop a low-carbon development pattern are becoming most important issues in Africa. This paper uses tri-variable Toda-Yamamoto model investigate dynamic interactions findings indicate that, first, positive impact of on growth Africa shown significant lag effect, strong trade-dependent promotion. Trade opening mutually reinforcing long run. Next, role foreign boosting is more countries with lower levels Finally, when replacing indicator CO2 results remain robust. Considering regional differences, grouping by GDP per capita reveals that there exists bilateral causal between openness higher group. remarkable have implications for policymakers understanding It necessary an integrated policy order maintain long-term sustainable growth.